Solvent extraction is a separation technique in which a substance is removed from a mixture using a suitable solvent. The […]

Electrophoresis is a separation technique in which charged particles move through a fluid or gel under the influence of an

Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate and identify components of a mixture. It works by allowing different substances

Catalysis is the process in which a substance called a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being

Gibbs Phase Rule explains the relationship between components, phases, and degrees of freedom in a thermodynamic system. Using the formula

Colloids are mixtures in which one substance is evenly dispersed in another but does not completely dissolve. Their particles are

Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms explain how molecules stick to surfaces. The Freundlich isotherm applies to rough, uneven surfaces, while