Introduction

Islam grants women specific rights to inheritance, a principle that was revolutionary at the time of its revelation. Unlike many pre-Islamic societies where women were deprived of property, the Qur’an clearly outlines their entitlement, ensuring dignity, financial security, and social justice. This article explores the rules, rationale, and historical application of women’s inheritance in Islamic law.

Qur’anic Basis

The Qur’an explicitly grants women a share in inheritance, which varies depending on family structure and the number of heirs. This was a groundbreaking reform that protected women’s rights to property and wealth.

Principles of Women’s Inheritance

• Fixed Shares: Certain relatives have fixed portions as per Qur’anic injunctions, including daughters, mothers, and wives.
• Equality and Justice: Women are guaranteed financial rights even if their share is smaller than male relatives, reflecting societal roles and responsibilities.
• Protection of Wealth: Inherited property becomes a woman’s personal wealth, which she controls independently.
• No Compulsion: Women cannot be forced to give up their inheritance.

Daughters’ Inheritance

Daughters are entitled to inherit from their parents. If there is only one daughter, she receives half of the inheritance; if two or more, they collectively share two-thirds. This ensures their financial security in a patriarchal society.

Wives and Mothers

A wife is entitled to a fixed portion of her deceased husband’s estate, usually one-fourth if there are children, or one-half if there are no children. A mother receives one-sixth of her child’s estate when there are multiple children, and one-third if the deceased has no siblings. These shares provide women with independence and security.

Historical Implementation

In early Islamic history, women actively received and managed their inheritance. Examples include the daughters of the Prophet ﷺ’s companions, who were given their rightful shares without delay. This demonstrated the seriousness of Islamic law in protecting women’s rights.

Contemporary Challenges

Despite clear Qur’anic guidance, cultural practices in some regions sometimes restrict women’s inheritance. Education and legal awareness are essential to ensure that women receive their rightful shares in accordance with Islamic law.

Conclusion

Women’s inheritance rights in Islam represent justice, equality, and social security. By granting women legal ownership and control over wealth, Islam ensures their dignity, independence, and protection. Upholding these rights strengthens families, promotes fairness, and reflects the ethical foundations of Islamic civilization.